Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

Governmental policy regarding minorities in society A NECESSARY POLICY TO PREVENT DISCRIMINATION AND INEQUITIES Or then again A DISCRIMINATIVE AND INEQUITABLE POLCY Presentation Truly, there have been contentions about what Affirmative Action (AA) truly is. The premise of the contention generally, discusses the goal(s) of AA. Is the objective of AA to delete past imbalances for the crippled, minorities and additionally ladies without fight? Or on the other hand is Affirmative Action a culture or soul that rewards decent variety and contrasts? Fundamentally there are two definitions or ways of thinking for AA. The main way of thinking is that AA is an umbrella term for laws and strategies that the United States Executive, Judicial, and authoritative bodies have commanded. In particular, AA is a progression of social arrangements and resolutions that direct exercises and laws with the essential plan to accomplish value and increment open door for all. The second school of however is that AA is an umbrella term characterizing a more extensive arrangement of exercises whereby open and private foundations deliberately join practices and polices to expand decent variety, opportunity and value. Under this way of thinking, AA is in soul and an institutional arrangement. The aim of this paper is to address the genuine and significant contentions of the two ways of thinking. Moreover, this paper will deliver issues comparative with deciding if AA is essential instrument for the death of segregation and the arrangement of equity and whether AA should be kept up, altered or ended. I. Governmental policy regarding minorities in society Background A. A Brief History of AA in the United States of American In spite of prevalent thinking, the idea of AA really started before the official request marked by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. The idea of AA started upon the marking of Amendment XIII of the Constitution. 1. The Late 19the and Early twentieth Century America started to manage the disparities and absence of equity for mean of African nice during the 1800s. As I would see it, the underlying and most noteworthy arrangement or law comparative with AA was Amendment XIII to the Constitution. The thirteenth Amendment states, â€Å"Neither subjugation nor automatic bondage, aside from as a discipline for wrongdoing whereof the gathering will have been properly sentenced, will exist inside the United States, or wherever subject to their jurisdiction† (US Constitution, Amendment 13, Section 1). Further refered to, â€Å"Congress will have capacity to authorize this article by proper legislation†, (US Constitution, Amendment 13, Section 2). While the goal of the thirteenth amendment was to annul subjection and start the long procedure of just and equivalent rights for every single American resident.

The Anthropology of Latin America and the Caribbean Reflection papers Essay

The Anthropology of Latin America and the Caribbean Reflection papers - Essay Example In the book, The Anthropology of Latin America and the Caribbean, the writer has demonstrated the ascent of ethnicity and ethnic development in the Caribbean locale (Harry 120). This in itself isn't new since different districts have likewise recorded such developments. For example, USA revealed racial development during the battle to kill racial victimization individuals of color. It was a development dependent on race and not ethnic. The instance of the Caribbean and Latin America depends on both race and ethnicity. Quite a bit of it is brought about by the battle for political force among the political classes. Many accept that triumphant a political race just as a political office must be supported with the ethnical solidarity. Along these lines, the creator has laid out the ascent of ethnicity and ethnic developments, which planned for requesting power from those, apparent not to be originating from a similar ethnic. Essentially, the creator has discussed patriotism and sexual orientation, which has to do with personality (132). Caribbean and Latin America picked up freedom from colonialists, yet at the same time battling to pick up its personality. The locales are battling with various issues just as impact from intrigued states. Along these lines, the districts need to search for their character through securing on patriotism (135). The way of thinking of patriotism gives a nation its personality and opportunity from outside impact. The issue of sexual orientation comes in as a result of the women's activist battle to get acknowledgment in the everyday running of the administration. The greater part of the Latin America and Caribbean nations have excluded female people in the turn of events. This brings the battle for ladies acknowledgment. As much as the nations need to get their character and freedom, ladies ought not be overlooked as they additionally assume a significant job. The circumstance in Latin America and Caribbean isn't not quite the same as the remainder of the creating nations. The vast majority of these nations disregard upon ladies and do

Communication Analysis Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Correspondence Analysis Project - Essay Example I am not a wealthy understudy. I looked wealthy in light of the fact that while I was holding back to be admitted to my advanced education, I was fortunate enough to have an occupation in a property the executives organization as a secretary. Each excursion I generally went to work and returned to my investigations when it was over . That open door made me to have the option to bear the cost of the greater part of costly staff like garments, my hairdos even the phone . At the point when I went to my talks , I dressed the way that I would going to work. Above all I didn’t pay for my own educational cost, I had a grant. It was extremely difficult to stroll in to a talk room after everyone had sat down. The wealth of what I looked like drew a great deal of consideration. Understudies cheered , offered terrible remarks while I was blindingly strolling to a sit at the back. My heart beat so vigorously and I implored God not to fall or breakdown before I arrived at my seat. When at long last got to my seat, those I should be sitting close to moved away. On the off chance that they didn’t move, they took a gander at me as though there was a major issue with me. I wasn’t more established than any of them, I was beginning to think about whether there was some kind of problem with me. I made it my propensity to have my seat five minutes before addresses. I was consistently the main individual and last individual to leave. That was the point at which I met my closest companion. In the subsequent term, it turned out to be more terrible to such an extent that I didn’t need to address any inquiries. One wrong thing I said they ensured that it frequented me. I adored my examinations and I was energetic about them however the idea of getting up toward the beginning of the day was extreme. Holding my self-control helped me a ton .I disclosed to myself that they would get over it in no

A Note on the Arts and Crafts Schools of Germany

A Note on the Arts and Crafts Schools of Germany Essay Tive and along these lines enchanting little canvas by D. W. Take a stab at, â€Å"Eveningâ€Septem ber†; J. Francis Murphy shows a little work wonderfully interpretative entitled â€Å"Showery Day†; J. Alden Weir is seen at his best in Autumn,† and William Lathrop in â€Å"A Stretch of Salt Marsh land.† Emil Carlsen’s â€Å"Wood Interior† has beautifying quality beside master nounced excellence both of subject and treat ment; Charles H. Davis’s â€Å"Summer in the Hills† consolidates traditional soul with current suddenness. Among the painters of winter, the mediators of sunlit cold airâ€Schofield, Redfield and Gard ner Symonsâ€are as regular to the fore. Daniel Garber’s prize winning picture appears, not just commendable interpretation of the nuances of light and air, however feeling for plan and a fine feeling of shading. Leonard Ochtman, Willard Met calf, Ben Foster, Bolton Jones and Hobart Nichols send eminent canvases. That subject is of less significance than treatment is showed by two paint ings, one of a â€Å"Sow and Pigs† in a farm by Horatio Walker, the other of â€Å"Porpoise† jumping through a wave, by Clifford W. Ashleyâ€each individual in treatment yet similarly captivating in actuality. Magnificent instances of still life paint ing are appeared. Pursue sends another splendid canvas of fish, which straightway upon the opening of the ex hibition found a buyer; H. R. Riten berg, Alice Worthington Ball, Hugh Breckenridge, Carl Schmitt and Aline Solomons each contributes an investigation which assists with inspiring the normal of legitimacy. Following the custom of past seasons the Corcoran Gallery has made buys from this presentation for its changeless assortment securing the accompanying seven works before the entryways were available to the general population: â€Å"My Da ughter† by F. W. Ben child, â€Å"Incoming Tide† by R. N.Brooke, â€Å"Woods in Winter† by John F. Carlson, â€Å"Late Autumn Moonrise† by Ben Foster, â€Å"Cape Porpoise† by Chauncey F. Ryder and Autumn† by J. Alden Weir. NOTE ON THE ARTS AND CRAFTS SCHOOLS OF GERMANY Easygoing American who meanders JL into a room named â€Å"Kunst-Gewerbe Schule† in one of the numerous German in dustrial shows, looks with inactive if promotion soiling eye at the instances of gems, carve ings and weaving, vainly attempts to figure out the signs on the divider allude ring to â€Å"Metal Arbeit,† â€Å"Druckerei† and Sticherei,† and passes on oblivious of the way that he has seen the consequences of one of the most wonderful components of the intricate German educational system. The subtleties of this framework vary in every one of the few urban areas of Germany, yet in the principle the arrangement is the equivalent. It is one which attempts to choose via looking through assessment youthful, aspiring and gifted craftsmans, and to prepare them under teachers of the most elevated evaluations of masterful information and specialized aptitude. The time given to this preparation changes, however it is once in a while under four years, and at times is drawn out for six or seven. The applicants originate from an assortment of sources, a significant number of them from the Craft or Gewcrbe schools, estab lished to prepare the fellows that have al prepared had some imaginative establishment in schools for â€Å"Lchrling† as understudies. The Lchrling† schools give a bit of drawing with the components of general training to the student who has left the â€Å"Folk† school at fourteen. The Gewerbc† or Craft school gives considerably more in the method of creative worker transport and handy aptitude, however it is re served for the â€Å"Kunst-Gcwcrbc† school to take the pick of the youngsters, those with the quickest masterful sense and capacity, and train them to deliver work of the most noteworthy specialized request and exceed expectations lence. Numbers don't include in these schoolsâ€one once in a while finds a participation of in excess of 200 or so in the day school and maybe the same number of additional in extraordinary and evening classes, while the resources are huge, frequently twenty-five to thirty educators and collaborators giving exercises at various occasions consistently. Peruse: sixteenth Century Northern Europe I: Germany and FrancePractically every great estimated German city has one of these Arts and Crafts schools. Some, normally, are in construct ings which go back various years, however the aspiration of each chief is to have another structure, and the individuals who have understood this point see their separate schools housed in lovely structures, total with present day accommodations. In any case, however a considerable lot of the more established schools are in structures without a portion of the things their heads want, it must not be comprehended that they curve sick prepared. On the con trary, the studios and work-shops frequently speak to a speculation of numerous thou sands of dollars, which the state plans to draw enthusiasm on, through an expanding interest for crafted by German structure ers, imitated in a large number of occupied German processing plants. A composite picture, one which will mean to appear initially exactly what a à ¢â‚¬Å"Kunst-Gewerbe† school resembles, is of need hard to draw. Like all composites it won't be valid for any one school, however by and large devoted to the sort. What follows, in any case, is an at entice toward this path. See then a major structure with focal secured court loaded up with instances of stu dents’ work, a perpetual presentation of the workmanship result of the school. Extended round will be the studiosâ€great rooms, with immense studio windows and studio seats, model stands, and racks for planning phases. The spaces for cast drawing and for demonstrating will have the dividers draped profound with mortar throws, while in the nearby corridors will be scores a greater amount of all sizes from a little bust to an extraordinary gathering of some Greek ace. There will be a library with somewhere in the range of many books on craftsmanship, and approximately a large number of plates, along with the present workmanship magazines, German, English, French and Italian; at that point will come twelve or so studios with prepare ments of drawing tables of different sorts adjusted to the necessities of the understudies of life drawing, mechanical drawing, still life painting, structure, building draw ing, etc. Every one of the class studios will have connecting it the Professors studioâ€a great size room, with fine light and all the properties† aggr egated by an educator, dynamic in the quest for his spe cial subject out of class hours. Another scope of studios presently can't seem to be visitedâ€the â€Å"work-rooms,† about six taking all things together, of good size and extent, each intricately prepared for some extraordinary part of work, metal, fired, material, enriching painting, design, lithogra-phy, book-authoritative, and so forth. (Each school varies as to these extraordinary commonsense courses.) Again we will discover case after case loaded up with models and again the professor’s studio. In the event that we are welcomed into the last we will sec playmate tiful instances of the handiwork of this practiced educator. Furthermore, the understudies? Normally the more noteworthy number circular segment found in the studios where bend showed the essentials. In the previous long periods of the course the rooms will be loaded with people, drawing from cast or life, painting still life or working out smart issues in light and conceal, or excellent example. The work is in every case pretty much individual, and now and again about six distinctive tech niques will be utilized by the same number of independent understudies. This is a striking trait of these classes. The star fessor must know numerous methods, and thus is relied upon to have his stu marks figure out how to function from the model from multiple points of view and with various media: charcoal, pastel, pencil, watcr shading, oils, gouache, pen and ink, tem pera. Not many things are more amazing to the guest than to see a propelled class in drawing or configuration, making beguiling outlines in an incredible wide range of structures and handlings. All go on together, however, as one of the instructors commented, The understudies can't all do allâ€but they gain from one an other. In the work-shops things are as occupied, however not about so swarmed. There one discovers about six or twelve understudies, propelled students completely grounded in line, structure and example, working discreetly at singular issues. In the event that it is a metal working room one will be building up the components of a jeweled clasp, another setting up an enameled box, a third drawing up a silver measu ring glass which is to be embossed,â€a bit of work requiring endless ability and persistence. The ace will presently say a word to one, presently to an other, here a touch of assist will with being given, presently an indication with a keen sting of criti cism. Peruse: Nazi Germany EssayThe work must be right†Ã¢â‚¬ not all that much or decrepit will go for a moment. On the off chance that these things need seven days, take a week†Ã¢â‚¬what is seven days in four years’ preparing for command! So likewise we will discover undertakings in other shop-studios. In the material room we may see lovely bits of weaving or maybe a table-front of enchanting shading and plan; in the ceramics room, containers of fine shape and line, containers of interesting vanity of structure and colorâ€of course made and terminated in the school oven. The teacher of the printing expressions will give us etchings, dry prints, mezzotints, and lithographs made by his little gathering of specialists, and the educator of sculp ture will display about six ventures all being developed, or may, as in Vien na, take us out into the open nursery back of the school and show the decora tions in â€Å"Calk-Stone made by his students. Perchance, we may come to one room where just two or three understudies are grinding away and wonder whether a course so meagerly disparaged is viewed as a suc cess. There we should make the simple blunder of assessing accomplishment in numbers, as opposed to in fine craftsmanship. A word to the executive will fix us. Ok, this course, yes. We have hardly any understudies with the correct ability

Astronomy Research Paper How to Prepare with Ease

Cosmology Research Paper How to Prepare easily Cosmology is the part of science that reviews heavenly items, for example, planets, sun, and moon. It can likewise be summarized as the investigation of articles and space past the earth’s climate. Composing a space science inquire about paper extends the information on the essayist to the realities encompassing the arrangement of the earth and the divine items. A legitimate method of composing a stargazing research paper incorporates exhaustive examination, careful arranging and association of focuses to a thorough structure. Subject Selection This progression can be considered as the first of the creative cycle. Choice of points to cover is significant as they must be fascinating to the peruser just as be anything but difficult to clarify. The themes chose in this segment ought to be clear and to the point. Coming up next are a couple of the subjects one can cover in the paper: The Formation of the Solar System. This is the point that involves the making of the nearby planetary group through different hypotheses. This theme covers a wide zone and can fundamentally improve the writers’ and readers’ information on cosmology. Planetary Comparisons. After the development of the nearby planetary group, one can descend to the examination of the segments that structure the framework, for instance, planets and space rocks. This point requires basic reasoning and is intellectually captivating as there is an examination of the distinctions in planets’ size, separations, and physical, and synthetic properties qualities among others. The Universe and How It Relates to the Earth. The theme involves the investigation of room, the issue in it, universes, stars, and other divine bodies. Every one of these segments have an immediate or roundabout connection to the earth and featuring these prompts a legitimate comprehension of the current point. Major Astronomical Milestones ever. This subject can be deliberately included to bring the reader’s enthusiasm up in the paper. There are noteworthy advances that man has made in the galactic field that merit featuring, for example, the principal excursion to the moon, organization of investigation machines and robots among others. Impacts of Celestial Objects: Asteroids, Moon, and Stars on the Earth. In this space science subject, one secures charming realities on how each article can influence the planet straightforwardly or in a roundabout way. This point will acquaint you with new data that will prompt an alternate comprehension of the universe by and large. Pre-Writing Tips to Get Ready for Actual Writing Subsequent to featuring the subjects and cautiously breaking down them, one can pick the most proper one as far as substance and intrigue. Now, one needs to assess how to introduce the substance as far as structure and laying out the focuses. Coming up next are a portion of the pre-composing tips to consider while composing the article: Picking the correct structure. Contingent upon the sort of paper you are composing, state educational, illustrative or an enticing exposition, adequately select the correct structure with which to transfer the data gathered. At the point when the structure is distinguished, one has a beginning stage and the reasonable rules to utilize. Purposes of contention. In this section, one ought to fundamentally consider focuses to put down while thinking about the structure and stream. Plan the prime focuses to focus on as this makes the creative cycle simple and charming. It is additionally essential to recognize the solid and frail purposes of contentions and ideally utilize the most grounded ones first to guarantee the article has very much validated substance. Such guarantees a gushing progression of thoughts. The primary contention of the exposition. The choice of the essential focuses to be utilized ought to be done acutely as they should satisfy the plan of the exposition. A successful paper is the one that has a contention and adequate proof to help the contention. The author should, thusly, assess the prime focuses chose about how they identify with the fundamental contention, consider how to impart them, just as guarantee they bolster the examination paper’s claims. It is additionally critical to take note of the contrasts or questions that might be raised and to locate a powerful response for them. Research on the subjects. The essayist should inquire about on the subjects chose enough to gain all the data important to help your case in the contention. Directing successful research will manage one to new basic thoughts, holes in earlier investigations, and even thoughts that were rendered substantial or strange, all of which can enable the essayist to accomplish lucidity when characterizing her/his examination paper. It is in this phase the essayist concludes how to move toward the point and whether to augment the examination or thin it to cover her/his thought adequately. The progression of focuses. After exhaustive research on your theme, arrange the focuses in a streaming and coherent way to make a framework of your exposition. Development of the layout assists thin with bringing down the significant plans to focus on when composing the exploration paper. The diagram likewise assists with deciding whether the focuses associate and bolster your contention in work. Making an Outline as a Guiding Star: Tips from Our Top Experts A framework is answerable for controlling the heading of the examination and giving a decent sense what it will handle as it presents the principle contention while expressing the key focuses and claims to be joined. The framework ensures a smooth and charming creative cycle just as clear and rational substance. Coming up next are a portion of the focuses to consider while making a blueprint: The presentation. Start with a presentation while detailing a framework. It ought to be short and to the point, setting out the theme and the fundamental contention of the article. It ought to give a concise review of the point and end with the theory proclamation. The body passages. Each section ought to have an alternate point and its supporting proof. First section (contains the point sentence). This passage should cover the subject sentence, the principle contention and what is to be talked about in the article. It ought to be clear and straightforward to bring out enthusiasm for the peruser. Proof. Scribble the proof that bolsters your thoughts, and appropriately contend your focuses. Second and third passage. Guided by a similar structure of the main passage (featured above) list down the cases of the accompanying sections. Plan a subject sentence that demonstrates the point that each section will address. One ought to likewise utilize plentiful and valid proof to help each guarantee made in the sections. Closure each section with a basic assessment of your subject likewise shows an appropriate comprehension of the current theme. End. In this area, summarize all the cases in the body passages appropriately and rehash the theory proclamation. As it were, the end should summarize all the contentions of the paper to shape one in number point. Different interesting points. A framework ought to be brief and direct to the point assessed at around one to two pages. It ought to likewise be efficient and slick. Guarantee to utilize visual cues to appropriately list the essential thoughts and cases to concentrate on in each area or section. Straightforward and clear sentences help feature the crucial thoughts in a justifiable manner. Association/Writing the Research Paper In the wake of making a framework, the subsequent stage is tied in with composing the exploration paper. This part comprises of the elaboration of the data in the diagram in an increasingly sorted out way while giving proof. Composing a space science look into paper ought to be done in three essential segments which are the presentation, the body, and the end. Data and proof gave in each area ought to be very much organized to appropriately bolster your case. The Introduction This part is the opening of the cosmology inquire about paper that acquaints the subject with the perusers. The presentation ought to obviously express the principle contention of the article and spotlight on expressing this case. Applying the accompanying focuses is additionally fundamental: It is encouraged to begin with a snappy expression that will raise the enthusiasm of the peruser empowering her/him to peruse the whole paper. For this situation, one can begin with the meaning of the term space science, utilize a statement or even offer an intriguing certainty concerning the theme. Offering brief foundation data about the subject will likewise go far to educate the peruser regarding the bearing you are taking. Focusing on the primary concerns guarantees that the data doesn't make disarray or become exhausting. The subsequent stage is featuring the proposal articulation or contention. When the theme is presented, one should introduce his case, which preferably ought to be brief and to the point. The length of these announcements ordinarily changes with the length of the paper. A couple of sentences are best as they keep the presentation short and exact. The Body The body is the urgent piece of the space science paper as it contains the supporting proclamations and proof to the writer’s guarantee. The perfect number of sections in the body of a cosmology paper ought to be at least three (contingent upon the guidance given). They are expected to assist you with argueing your point and, hence, ought to be introduced systematic and in a coherent way. The stream starting with one passage then onto the next ought to be consistent to ensure clear understanding, legitimate assessment, and protecting of the postulation. When composing the body, one ought to think about the accompanying: Utilizing the diagram, including sections that help the focal topic and further help your contention. Start each section with a theme sentence that demonstrates what the passage involves. Utilize dependable data to help claims presented in the theme sentences. Likewise, appropriately break down and portray how the proof gave identifies with and reinforces your contentions and the proposal when all is said in done. When composing a stargazing research paper, one can give a few examp

What to Expect at a Hookah Bar

What to Expect at a Hookah Bar Addiction Nicotine Use Print Hookah Bars, Air Quality, and Your Health By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on February 28, 2016 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on August 14, 2019 Barry Lewis/Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Hookah bars  are commercial establishments where people gather to smoke flavored tobacco from a hookah pipe. Other names for a hookah bar  includes hookah lounge, hookah cafe, hookah den, and shisha bar. Originating in India and spreading to several Middle Eastern countries, traditional hookah lounges are coffee houses that also serve hookah. Out of deference to Muslim traditions, they do not serve alcoholic beverages. As they have gained popularity in Western cultures over the years, however, many hookah bars in the United States  do serve alcohol along with food and a variety of tobacco flavors. What Theyre Like Hookah bars in the U.S. are often decorated in trendy, modern themes to appeal to young patrons.  You may or may not find alcohol in these places, but many of them are set up to serve it, along with live music. Hookah is often smoked in small groups, so youll probably find the lounge is able to accommodate that with bean bag chairs or comfortable couches grouped around the hookah table. That said, lone patrons can easily order hookah for one, as well. If another person wants to join in later, an additional line is simply added to the hookah pipe. You might also be able to  buy oxygen, which is another unusual offering gaining recreational popularity. The oxygen that is purer than what is ambient air is typically bubbled up through flavored waters to be breathed in for a period of time. Flavorings give the oxygen a pleasing aroma, and fans of oxygen sniffing claim it helps with everything from energy boosts to hangovers. There is no science to back it up though, and those selling it are careful not to make medical claims about recreational oxygen use. Hookah Bars  in the United States Hookah bars have sprung up primarily around college towns in the United States. While smoking bans have become more strict with increased public awareness, hookah bars seem to be an exception with their ability to obtain indoor smoking permits. Other commercial locations that are allowed smoking permits are cigar bars and tobacco purveyors. The first hookah lounges in the U.S. were coffee/tea houses that served immigrant communities. Hookah was an additional offering at these establishments, not the main focus. That all changed when The Hookah Lounge opened its doors in Las Vegas, Nevada.  As the name suggests, hookah was the primary offering, but alcohol and Middle Eastern food were also served. The Hookah Lounge attracted mostly men of Middle Eastern descent initially but drew a more diverse crowd  over time. Today, The Hookah Lounge has two locations in Las Vegas. Others emulated the winning formula, calling their establishments hookah lounges as well.  There were lawsuits filed to protect the name,  but it was a futile effort. The term hookah lounge became synonymous with the hookah experience, rather than describing a specific place. The owners of that first hookah lounge in Las Vegas took to calling themselves Americas Original Hookah Lounge in ads to differentiate themselves from others. Other countries have also seen an uptick in hookah bars. Germany, Spain, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom all have hookah lounges and theyve even gained popularity in Russia. Air Quality Young adults have taken to this form of smoking, in part because its considered to be a  unique and acceptable way to socialize with friends, but also because there is a misconception that hookah is a safe way to smoke  tobacco.  It isnt, and some of the facts about hookah smoking might surprise you. Researchers from Johns Hopkins studied the air in several hookah bars over a 9 month period.  In particular, they measured  nicotine  and  carbon monoxide  levels, along with  particulate matter  in hookah smoke smaller than 2.5 microns.?? Their findings showed that the air in enclosed spaces where hookah is smoked is laden with carbon monoxide and breathable particulate matter from the tobacco smoke in concentrations that are higher than in public spaces where cigarette smoking is allowed. Nicotine content was not as high, but it was measurable.   In another study, researchers focused on 55 healthy people with some level of hookah smoking experience in the past.??  Participants were asked to abstain from all tobacco use for a week. They then spent an evening smoking at a hookah bar.  Urine samples were collected and tested. Researchers  found that nicotine levels after were as much as 70 times higher than they were before the hookah bar exposure.  Additionally, NNAL, which is a nasty carcinogen that is specific to tobacco smoke, was present in participants in twice the amount as before, and VOCs, also hazardous to breathe in, were detected in elevated amounts between 14% and 91%. While this study looked at hookah smoking specifically, it adds to the picture of the chemicals that are floating around  in the ambient air of a hookah bar.  Inhaling the air in the enclosed space of a hookah bar is not healthy for anyone. Avoid Hookah Smoking and Hookah Bars It is a mistake to think that hookah is a safe way to smoke tobacco, and that just because hookah lounges exist, that they too are safe. Tobacco is inherently dangerous for your health, whether you are smoking it or using a smokeless variety.??  Additionally, all tobacco products contain nicotine, so it is also addictive.  The best way to steer clear of the risks is to avoid using it in any form. If you are thinking about quitting, you can read about how to get started.

Free Case Study Analysis Example on WalMart Inc. Employees Health

WalMart Inc. Employees Health Analysis Abstract WalMart Inc. is one of the leading retailers in the world. It has more than 1,5 million employees all over the world, 86 % of them are working in the USA. This company generates more than 2 % of gross natural product of America.

President Theodore Roosevelt s New Nationalism - 2006 Words

For numerous of reasons concerning economic, political, and social developments that has taken place in four decades after the Civil War, sparked a revolutionary movement called Progressivism. In a new, vast land full of economic opportunities, this created a small class of elitists that will dominate the political system for self-interest, and will also cause an effect on the social life of the majority. A prominent, Progressive figure, was President Theodore Roosevelt; In his â€Å"New Nationalism† speech delivered in Osawatomie, Kansas, he outlines the goals and ideals of Progressivism that will appeal to the diverse majority of Americans and proves to be the foundation for future reformers and several accepting ideals still utilized today. Even though the Progressive movement deteriorated, these â€Å"radical† ideals sought to improve and benefit the society as a whole was the stepping stone for the future generations. At the time, America was undergoing through one of the most revolutionary time period of United States history, the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was the vast advancement of technology, that has become part of Americans daily life and still today. These technologies helped the improvement in efficiencies of the workforce. A vital source for the economic advancement during this time period, was the encouragement from the government for private enterprise. Enterprises were more easily established due the monetary policy, in which allowed a betterShow MoreRelatedTheodore Roosevelt Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During the early 1900’s the president of the United States of America was a man called Theodore Roosevelt. Although he began his term as president with the death of President McKinley, his period in the White House turned out to be one of the most progressive periods in American history. His progressive policies influenced the direction that the country would take in the tw entieth century. In the following paper I will explain several of Theodore Roosevelt’s progressive polices. SpecificallyRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt New Nationalism1280 Words   |  6 Pages31, 1910, former President Theodore Roosevelt visited Osawatomie, Kansas to give a speech and participate in a memorial dedication. (Hennessy, 1910). Roosevelt had declined to run for re-election to the presidency in 1908, deciding to exit politics and go on a yearlong African safari (Ellis, 2001, p. 284). Frustrated with President Taft’s actions, Roosevelt reentered political life in 1910 (Mowry, 1939). In the Osawatomie address, Roosevelt introduced his idea for a New Nationalism. Many of the speech’sRead MoreThe Age Of Uncertainty Between 1890 And 1920 s A New Movement Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the age of uncertainty between 1890 and the 1920’s a new movement called the Progressives emerged in parts of the Unites States. They emerged as part of a long t radition of reform aimed at correcting the issues of the country. Progressives ranged across the social and political spectrum with different views on reform and ideas on how to go about it. â€Å"It crossed the lines of party, class, gender and even race† (Nugent, page 4). Many presidents and influential speakers had overlapping ideas regardingRead MoreT. S. Eliot The Waste Land Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesSooyeon Kim Professor Dunlap History 118 Unit Exam No. 2 17 Oct 2017 Progressivism as a Project of Humanity: Roosevelt, Wilson, the Great War These fragments I have shored against my ruins Why then Ile fit you. Hireronymo’s mad againe. Datta. Dayadhvam. Damyata. Shantih shantih shantih --T.s. Eliot, The Waste Land (1922)[1] I. THE AFTERMATH of the Industrial Revolution revealed new realities born of the marriage between technology and capitalism. Central to the Progressive motivation was theRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt And The United States907 Words   |  4 PagesTheodore Roosevelt, kenned as Teddy or T.R. was born in New York City, NY on October 27, 1858. From birth until his tardy teens, Roosevelt suffered greatly from asthma, was frail and sickly, and was near-sighted, which coerced him to wear glasses. His father took him for rides in the night to avail him breathe with fresh air and inspirited him to build up his body with strenuous exercises and sports in efforts to build his body and mind. In 1876, Roosevelt was accepted to Harvard College. AfterRead MoreImpact Of Industrialization1134 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment. Industrialization was challenging for the United States society as it resulted to the oppression of the industrial workforce. As industries grew, so was the need for labor force. As a result, many American migrated to urban areas in search of new jobs. Also, advancement in farm machinery led to less need for manual labors in farms, thus leading many farm labors to seek job opportunities in factories in urban areas . This increased demand for industrial workforce encouraged factory owners toRead MoreThe Spanish American War And The Civil War2050 Words   |  9 Pagescitizens in Spain. One publisher wrote a letter to the ambassador in Spain expressing how he felt about him. He said that the ambassador was a weak leader, and he did not know anything about politics. The letter started up Americans aggressive nationalism. Not too long after that incident, an American battleship called the USS Maine mysteriously exploded near a Cuban harbor. As soon as that happened the pressed was bac k at it again with the over exaggerated stories. Journalist automatically accusedRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt And Woodrow Wilson : The Progressive Era1651 Words   |  7 Pages During the Progressive Era from 1890-1920, America saw three new presidents: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. This period of time is known as the Progressive Era due to the political and social changes made to move away from a laissez-faire government to a more active government by the administrations of these presidents. Prior to this period, Americans had to suffer through poor working conditions, low wages, social and class inequality and become victims to largeRead MoreThe Bull Moose3345 Words   |  14 Pagesinfluential, in fact, that his niece’s husband, another president of the United States, looked up to him as his idol. An unfortunate turn of events left a window wide open for this outstanding man, Theodore Roosevelt, to follow his destiny and leave a lasting imp act on America and its inhabitants. He was the 26th and youngest president of the United States, forever changing what it meant to be president. Roosevelt was the first truly modern president of the United States, expanding the power of presidencyRead MoreThe United States And Foreign Policy With China1670 Words   |  7 Pagesfight against participation in the League of Nations †¢ 1902 o Anthracite Coal Strike- Over 150,000 miners walked off their jobs demanding higher pay, better hours and recognition of their union. The government sided with the strikers. o Roosevelt Corollary- The Roosevelt Corollary stated that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. The U.S. was granted the right to intervene with military in neighboring countries for several

Preparing Ethers By A Method Called Williamson Synthesis

Purpose: The purpose is to prepare ethers by a method called Williamson synthesis. Reaction Physical Properties Table: Compound MW Amount mmol mp (Â °C) bp(Â °C) d nd p-Cresol 108.15 160 Â µL 1.56 32-34 202 1.02 1.5312 25% NaOH solution 260 Â µL Tetrabutylammonium bromide 322.38 18 mg 0.056 103-104 Propyl iodide 169.99 150 Â µL 1.54 102 1.75 1.5058 Safety: p-cresol Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant) Hazardous in case of skin contact Skin contact can produce inflammation and blistering sodium hydroxide The substance may be toxic to mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract Severe over-exposure can produce lung damage Very hazardous in case of skin contact, of eye contact, of ingestion, and of inhalation tetrabutylammonium bromide Very hazardous in case of ingestion Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water propyl iodide Cancer suspect agent Harmful if inhaled Causes serious eye irritation diethyl ether Hazardous in case of skin contact Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage anhydrous magnesium sulfate Hazardous in case of ingestion Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact, of eye contact, and of inhalation If inhaled, allow the victim to rest in a well-ve ntilated area methylene chloride Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching Repeated or

Essay on Vengence In the Odyssey - 637 Words

Vengance in the Odyssey Vengeance is the main theme in the Odyssey, it is what all the conflict in the story is for every conflict in the story is caused because of each characters thirst for vengance. The three characters that show this most greatly are as follows. Poseidon through his constant punishment of Odysseus throughout the story. Secondly Telemachus need to make the suitors pay for disrespecting his house as well as his mother and the lack of his ability to become or even be seen as a possible heir to his fathers thrown. Then finally Odysseus and his need to avenge the disrespect by the suitors. The hardships that each of these character goes through during his journey inrage them to revenge and†¦show more content†¦His need for vengance is against the suitors, but he knows he cant fullfill this until he has the permision of council. Since he is not king they wont allow him to so now Athena suggest that if he can find his father or his fathers body he could get his chance. Having not seen his father since he left for the Trojan Wars he thinks that perhaps he at least can find his were abouts. This then leads him on his journey to manhood. While on his journey the suitors attempt to take his life so now he has two reasons for revenge. This vengance is not fullfilled till the end when he has reached manhood and his father has resurfaced. Which brings us lastly to the main character Odysseus. Who struggles much through the story, against temptation and the evils done to him. He then returns home and finds that the suitors guests in his house have been disrespecting his people, wife, and home. This causes Odysseus great pain to hear that they had had no respect for him or his family and home. So Odysseus kills all the suitors for vengance. The greatest of his vengance though is saved for the slaves and Melanthius who betrayed him. Odysseus makes the slaves clean up the bodies and then he kills them afterwords. While Melanthius is punished most severly for his treacherous ways They cut off his noes and his ears;they drew out his private parts and gave themShow MoreRelatedHomer s The Iliad And The Odyssey Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesworld of the ancient Greeks, the Iliad and The Odyssey. However, none are certain of the time in which Homer lived. It is believed now that, if Homer was at all more than myth himself, he did not create the two stories, rather he organized or edited the poems in a written form (Bloom). Regardless of Homer’s involvement with the two stories, these ancient tales are distinct and characterized by the world in which they were conceived. The Iliad and The Odyssey both heavily draw inspiration from and areRead MoreHelen of Troy Literary Analysis1250 Words   |  5 PagesAchilles young cousin and lover Patroclus , tired of being out of the fight and dreaming of glory. The battle ends: Hector knows that defeat has been snatched from jaws of victory and prepares his wife to escape should the Greeks now win the war. Vengence turns Achilles mind from love to blood: He challenges Hector, and they fight to the death, a fabulous pitched battle of two men, ending in Achilles dragging the dead Hector s around Troy behind his chariot. Priam pleads for his son s body, andRead MoreCMNS 304 Notes Essay5778 Words   |  24 Pagesmother does not look happy- neutral, stepfather is against it- getting paid 50,000 $ a year and his perspective changes, boy is blissfully unaware and playing outside, there are 2 stories going on) What audiences don’t see? - Space Odyssey Competition for the water, if one tribe is at the water there is ownership of that water There is a ritual where they chant and switch the usage of water Frenzy Syntax 2 paradigms going on at the same time Jarring (switching halfway through) turning

Mental Illness And Its Effects On Academic Performance

Before the age of eighteen nearly a fourth of all young persons will deal with mental illness (Shirk and Jungbluth 217). Only around a third of these children will receive professional treatment (United States Public Health Service qtd. in Shirk and Jungbluth 222). Because of the risk of suicide in mentally ill young people, it is crucial that mental health services are readily available to our youth in school settings. Therefore, schools should administer mandatory mental health screenings because mental illness often affects academic performance, and the majority of young persons that commit suicide have a treatable illness. Frequently, mental illness affects many areas of a sufferer’s life including academic performance. Mark Weist et al. explain that it is important for schools to recognize when students are suffering emotionally because of the impediment mental illness can have on education (par. 16). Mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression can have an especially negative impact on academic performance as the disorders can lead to students isolating themselves and a decrease in overall mental functioning. Some who are resistant to mental health screenings suggest that schools only require screenings for students who show external signs of suffering. The problem with this idea is that many students would receive treatment for their mental illness, but those who do not show symptoms would not. For example, if schools used academic performance as an indicatorShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Stigma Toward Mental Illnesses1711 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Mental illness is one of the most stigmatized medical conditions in society. People diagnosed with mental illnesses experience a difficult social life, where most of the community members harbor prejudicial attitudes toward them. Undoubtedly, having a mental illness profoundly affects how an individual interacts with the rest of the community in various issues. More often than not, the social consequences of mental disorders are negative since persons with the illness are naturallyRead MoreDepression And Anxiety Among College Students Essay1376 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most common mental disorders in the United States (Falsafi, 2016). It appears that the two disorders are widespread amongst college students and most cannot manage the high demands and stress (Falsafi, 2016). Therefore, they feel more prone to depression and anxiety (Falsafi, 2016). According to the authors Miller Chung, mental health amongst college students in the United States is a growing public health concern an d educators are concerned about the low academic performance of college studentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Bullying In Schools1136 Words   |  5 Pagesbe widely understood as repeated aggressive behaviours towards an individual(s) with the intention of physical, mental or emotional harm for one’s own personal gain (Spears et el 2008, p. 6). Bullying has long and short-term effects on an individual such as alienation, engagement in violence, decline in attendance and academic performance and a higher chance of developing a mental illness (Spears et el 2008, p. 8). Recent research indicates that’s one in four Australian students are bullied in schoolRead MoreBad Study Habits Of College Students Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pageslack of financial support from parents, not being able to balance working and school, and life demands. But for the students that decide to continue with their education, they forced to worth though many academic struggles in order to reach their ult imate goal. Study Habits The most common academic challenges are understanding the content of the course, effective study times, lack of motivation for the course or school, and poor basic skill such as reading, math, and writing. Bad study habits thatRead MoreLack Of Academic Support Within Psychiatric Rehabilitation Programs940 Words   |  4 Pagesapproach that explored the issue of the lack of academic support within Psychiatric Rehabilitation Programs (PRP). The agency (called by the pseudonym), is a non-profit organization that has a facility in three different counties in the south east of Maryland. The organization provides adult and youth services that attempts to reduce stigma that is linked with psychiatric disorders by enhancing the functioning of individuals recovering from severe mental illnesses. A qualitative method and an actionRead MoreEffects of Nutrition on Academic Performance Essay723 Words   |  3 Pagesnutritious food. That is why many new students find that they gain 15 pounds d uring the first-year of school, referred to as freshman 15, also not do as well as expected in their studies when they first applied for the program. Diets of individuals affect mental activities, such as school work. The brain feeds off of what we put into our bodies and allows for â€Å"dynamic, responsive, and efficient new connections [to] be made† in the brain (Norman). The neurons located inside the brain help â€Å"drive our thinkingRead MoreDoes Physical Activity Affect Scholastic Performance? Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesShaylee Agas Wilson AP Literature, 2nd Period 16 December 2016 Does Physical Activity Affect Scholastic Performance? As time goes on, physical activity is becoming an average person’s second priority. The rise of technology allows people to do many everyday tasks within their own home. The ability to get almost anything delivered straight to a person’s house with a push of a button promotes an inactive lifestyle. While this can be seen as progressive in a technological standpoint, it completely disregardsRead MoreIn Prioritizing Trust Among Students, Professors, And University1594 Words   |  7 PagesIn prioritizing trust among students, professors, and university administration, the stigma that surrounds mental health can dissipate, which allows students to take charge of their health without worrying about their academic standing. Because the stakes for treating mentally-ill students continue to increase, university choice to value liability management over student health remains short-sighted and ineffective. The mentality of liability management – the idea that colleges and universitiesRead MoreEssay about Adolescent Depression1718 Words   |  7 Pagesexpected academic performance, puberty, peer pressure and peer conflict. It is reported that as many as 25% of adolescents in the Untied States will experience a full blown depression episode by the age of 18 (Bradley, Mcgrath, Brannen , Bagnell , 2010). In the past research suggest that it was difficult to determine and distinguish pubescent depression from the natural emotional and physical changes that occur during puberty(David et.al , 2007)However, even in today’s society mental illness is oftenRead MoreLabeling Individuals, Nurses Prescribing Needed Medications For Psychiatric Patients, And The Argument On The Insanity Plea1466 Wo rds   |  6 Pagespsychiatric patients, and the argument on the insanity plea are among the many mental health debates happening in the world today. This world is full of many cultures that have diverse definitions of norms, healthy, and deviance, which makes deciding who is making the correct argument very difficult. There is no one solid answer to the multitude of questions that come along with the dealings of anyone with a mental illness or diagnosis. This essay will explore multiple possibilities of both sides of

Christopher Columbus Journey and Colonization Free Essays

The letter reveals a sense of urgency and uncertainty in Columbus derived from the intimation between world powers over the Island of Espanola and the unknown direction the New World would take. Columbus’ purpose in writing the formal letter is to explain to the â€Å"Most High and Mighty Sovereigns† what he considers pivotal in the settlement, extraction of gold, farming of land, and trade system of the Island of Espanola. Columbus’ main concern, Spanish dominance in the New World, is clearly evident in the final paragraph, in which Columbus prays for â€Å"the increase of much greater states. We will write a custom essay sample on Christopher Columbus: Journey and Colonization or any similar topic only for you Order Now The nature of Spanish presence In the Islands Is consequent to an RA of Immense competition between states over various colonies In Asia, Africa, and what would be known as America. For states Involved In colonization, such as England, Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands, colonies meant prosperity and power through vast riches, mostly gold: an increase in foreign commerce: and new territory to utilize for farming and growth of Christianity. In these purposes there is a clear similarity between the values from the Renaissance and present-day values, in which governmental authority places large importance in the expansion and affluence of its rewriter. In the introduction to his points about colonization, Columbus displays a sense of respect and obedience towards Ferdinand and Isabella and requests support through reinforcement of colonists. Columbus misrepresents the new world as a group of islands, unaware of the much larger continents in which he had not yet arrived. In the Initial voyage, Columbus lands In the Caribbean thinking he has arrived In Asia, which Is why he names the Indians so. Despite his Incongruous concepts, Columbus’ voyage proved vital to further colonization of the Americas. The mall body of the letter Is a set of thirteen points In which Columbus details the mall issues of colonizing the Island of Espanola and other islands, namely God, gold, and glory. The expansion of Christianity was highly important to Ferdinand and Isabella, who considered Christianity crucial to the national unity of the newly united Spanish kingdom in the Reconstruct period. Columbus states that the new world will be forcefully Christian and that the â€Å"conversion of Indians† shall be performed by â€Å"parish priests or friars†. Most of Columbus points refer to the extraction, processing, ownership, and trade of gold, the natural resource which most colonizers obsessed over. Columbus presents concerns such as â€Å"no one shall have liberty to collect gold In it except those who have taken out colonists’ papers,† â€Å"that all gold shall be smelted Immediately,† and â€Å"there shall be a treasurer, with a clerk to assist him, who shall receive all gold belonging to your Highnesses. † The motive and obsession over gold Is consequential of its use as back-up value in currencies, fancy garments, competitive Explorers were motivated to find gold by the â€Å"matter of the fifth,† which means that the explorers would be entitled to a certain amount of the riches derived from the land they discovered. To further expand on the importance of a successful trading system, Columbus explains another three points that refer to the stringent process of securing the gold. As most of the glory from colonization came from gold, the method of collection gold and shipping it to the motherland is very strict in order to prevent fraud. Parts of the process which Columbus proposes include â€Å"that it [gold] should all e placed in one chest with two locks, with their keys, and that the master of the vessel keep one key and some other person selected by the governor and treasurer keep the other. There is evidently a clear concern over the safety of the gold, which displays the main purpose of increasing affluence of the motherland. The colonization of the new world influenced an arms race between powerful European states over the acquisition of gold and territory. Several states were exerting force over native people and exploiting the natural resources in a similar way the Spanish id in the Isl and of Espanola. Competition between powerful states is a centuries- long trend. Whether searching for gold or plotting the destruction of communism versus the destruction of capitalism in the mid-20th century, dominant states have a tendency to seek the greatest riches from their settlements and disregard the well- being of native peoples. In his letter, Columbus is successfully reactive to the desires of Ferdinand and Isabella and he satisfies their concerns that result from competition in order to pursue further exploration. How to cite Christopher Columbus: Journey and Colonization, Papers

Leadership Moral imagination Power Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Moral imagination Power. Answer: Leadership is an important aspect to investigate the potential outcome of a situation and understands the projected decision that effectively mitigates the adverse condition. In case of leadership, the moral development is also important as this is the source of innovative thinking and new skills that has impacted over the modern business scenario (Moral Imagination, 2014). Most of the leaders follow their ancestors but innovative thinking and implementation of those processes create a new dimension in business and that helps to upgrade the standard of the business as well (Shapiro Stefkovich, 2016). The research thesis statement has established ethical and unethical ways of business understating. Desired leaders have to choose ethical ways for enhancing their moral imagination power. There are some situations when people had got success by unethical behavior these will not stayed as long as the business is dealing with unethical people and collapse of this business will come sooner. There are three things that have mentioned for getting better than competitors are fast, smarter and cheap (Moral Imagination, 2014). Revenue generation in business is not the ultimate way to reach ethical footsteps rather there are some adverse situation will also come due to maintain ethical consideration and then moral development of leader is needed (Kemp, 2017). Moral imagination is the process to think out of the box and for that reason; innovative thinking and ethics have maintained their position in the organization (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). The argumentative nature of the leader must admire good decision taken by some of their mature employees; there are some un-sustainability has noticed in long-term business run, thus implement of strategic theories is important for the g rowth of business (Moral Imagination, 2014). Leaders and employees have to accumulate that courage to step up and say no to unethical reasons and this is the only way to run the organization in an ethical perspective. In an instance, the case of published research of journal of advertising, CEO of a major advertising company asking to do some unethical by a major client who had 130% of the company shares (Moral Imagination, 2014). CEO objected to the deal was unethical but on the next day after the meeting due to the fear of losing an important client the CEO complies with the deal. However, the employees do not comply with deal and CEO made an argument with the client and deal was not closed though the offer was increased. The revenue of the company decreased and then new business ideas need to be formed as the CEO has the moral imagination that has taken placed in that situation (Moral Imagination, 2014). New business ideas are the encouragement factor that pursued by all the employees and leaders have to acquire in the troublesome situation of the organization. This is the only reason to make an organization make their ground by the credibility and reputation is in intact (Cianci et al. 2014). Moral imagination encourages the business opportunity to act more ethically and also help to analyze the situation and act as the courageous leader to handle the situation to sustain the business. There are lots of companies are taken this initiative and getting success in their genre and that emphasize the power of ethical binding in business and encourage people to believe in an ethical level of business so that company can sustain in long term business relation (Moral Imagination, 2014). More people are afraid to taking a risk in that situation as this is the most contrasting situation where the innovative ideas are not coming but the leaders have to create their moral imagination for the development of an organization and state some innovative business nature that can sustain their business reputation and marketplace (Ford Richardson, 2013). The determination of problems and solve those problems in an ethical dimension is the major responsibility that a leader has to do for the professional approach building an organization. A good number of trustworthy employees and ethical shareholders are important for the new business to grow and sustain. Therefore, it can be concluded from the above findings, that leadership courage and moral imagination power are important for the development of the organization. Most leaders have the ability to be creative in their particular field and they trying to be imposed that for the development of the organization. However, the honesty in work is most important and relevant on that occasion to evaluate the moral imagination and organizations sustainable maintenance. Leaders are doing those things in a different manner and stating a message to their employees and making a path for the development of the organization and establish the moral development process. References Cianci, A. M., Hannah, S. T., Roberts, R. P., Tsakumis, G. T. (2014). The effects of authentic leadership on followers' ethical decision-making in the face of temptation: An experimental study.The Leadership Quarterly,25(3), 581-594. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Ford, R. C., Richardson, W. D. (2013). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Kemp, S. (2017). Ethical Decision-Making in Early Childhood Education. InResponsible Leadership and Ethical Decision-Making(pp. 95-103). Emerald Publishing Limited. Moral Imagination (2014) UT McCombs School of Business Received from: https://youtu.be/j6EsLpZNgC4 [Accessed on 21st November, 2017] Shapiro, J. P., Stefkovich, J. A. (2016).Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge.

The Political Supreme Court Essay Example For Students

The Political Supreme Court Essay The Political Supreme CourtIt is nearly impossible to avoid politics during the appointments of high profile positions; therefore, the idea that Supreme Court is above politics when referring to its appointments is giving to much credit to that entity. The appointments of the Supreme Court, as with any political body, correlate no only to the medias portraying, but also to interest group the President wishes to appease. A very recent example of the politics involved in Supreme Court appointments was the 2001 election. It was assumed that the next president would probably be making three new appointment to the Supreme Court. Because of this fact, the president could use this politial power to his advantage: that is to sway interest groups that had not previously supported him. For example, since Bushs female support was not that high because of his stance on abortion, it would help him a great deal to nominate a female to the Supreme Court. A female to the Supreme Court adds many points to Bushs plate because it appeases the female audience as well as the Pro-Choice activists. His second appointment would probably be more conservative to appease his Republican interest groups. We will write a custom essay on The Political Supreme Court specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Continuing on this idea of appeasing interest groups, their are a few major bodies that have political weight in the appointments of the Supreme Court. It seems obvious that an appointment that is made will not be made to hurt reputation only to enhance. Therefore, the president would desire to appease the most interest groups possible with each appointment. In consideration when making appointments would obviously be the candidates gender, race (to appease members of less represented minorities), religious affiliation (their stance on abortion et. al), possibility of judicial activism or restraint, and partisan affiliation (get the backing of your own interest groups or to gain support from the opposing). Now these interest groups also try to win over the president in the nomination of Supreme Court justices. They would often be found lobbying lobbying the judicial committee and the President. These interest groups would lobby to get whichever justice they feel is most sensitive to their needs elected. Depending upon how important that interest group is to the president determines how much pressure they apply on his decision. Lastly the media also has a large role in the appointments. They media can often be viewed as a popularity guide. Since it is a very powerful entity, the president does not wish to accumulate bad press and therefore could be found be very choosing the appointment that would be in his best favor. Newspapers (the NY Times) and TV stations (CNN) as well as radio broadcaster (such as Imus) have huge audiences. If they feel that a president made a bad selection they let people know about and what say can have a large impact on how the president is viewed. The president would want to avoid this at all cost because bad press is the worst form of press. Since it is obvious that the election of justices to the Supreme Court is as political in roots as any other election it is safe to say that it is now above politics. It suffers from the same fate as another other appointment because all decisions fall under public scrutiny and it is the public who will reelect the president. The interest groups, the media, and the politcal background and characteristics of the appointment all play major roles in the selection of a justice and is a highly political event. Sources:http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/sunstein/http://www.statenews.org/news/2000/august/opr-081000-01.html (is realaudio file also)Words/ Pages : 604 / 24

The Sexual Practices in the Youths

The Sexual Practices in the Youths Abstract There has been a rise in sexual awareness among the teenagers. The statistical comparison of the current and past generations sharply differs. The mass media is largely to blame for the sexual practices in the youths.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Sexual Practices in the Youths specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Are todays teens becoming more sexually active and aware at a younger age than previous generations? Currently, teenagers have more information on sexuality while some have sexual experiences at a tender age. Parents and the media have to combine efforts to fight the vice. Literature review Chapman, J. (2000). Adolescent sex and mass media: a developmental approach. Miami: Herald. According to Chapman, the media is to be blame for the sharp rise in adolescent sex. To solve the problem, Chapman recommends the establishment of a body to monitor the contribution of media on sex uality. Brown, D. (2002). Mass media influences on sexuality. New York: Harper Row. Brown also blames the media as the major source of moral decadence. He calls for the restrictions of teenagers from accessing obscene materials from the media. Ponton, L. (2000). The Sex Lives of Teenagers. New York: Dutton.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ponton is concerned about the sharp rise in teen pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore, she recommends an explicit study to solve the problem. Analysis The first two authors of the above books point a blame finger at the media and the parents while the third author recommends for clear study to establish the origin of the problem. Methodology Through epidemiological approach, a retrospective study of teenagers (13-18 years). There will be an assessment of media and lifestyle comparing the behavior in the a ge groups. Results will determine the conclusion and recommendations. Hypothesis and Conclusion Sex is rampant among the teenagers. I believe my research will establish the cause of sexual exposure in teenagers and the subsequent ways to solve the problem. References Brown, D. (2002). Mass media influences on sexuality. New York: Harper Row. Chapman, J. (2000). Adolescent sex and mass media: a developmental approach. Miami: Herald. Ponton, L. (2000). The Sex Lives of Teenagers. New York: DuttonAdvertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Sexual Practices in the Youths specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Researching Ancestors Using the Canadian Census

Researching Ancestors Using the Canadian Census Canadian census returns contain the official enumeration of the population of Canada, making them one of the most useful sources for genealogical research in Canada. Canadian census records can help you learn such things as when and where your ancestor was born, when the immigrant ancestor arrived in Canada, and the names of parents and other family members. Canadian census records officially  go back to 1666, when King Louis XIV requested a count of the number of landowners in New France. The first census conducted by the national government of Canada didnt occur until 1871, however, and has been taken every ten years since (every five years since 1971). To protect the privacy of living individuals, Canadian census records are kept confidential for a period of 92 years; the most recent Canadian census to be released to the public is 1921. The 1871 census covered the four original provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario. 1881 marked the first coast-to-coast Canadian census. One major exception to the concept of a national Canadian census, is Newfoundland, which was not a part of Canada until 1949, and thus was not included in most Canadian census returns. Labrador was, however, enumerated in the 1871 Census of Canada (Quebec, Labrador District) and the 1911 Canadian Census (Northwest Territories, Labrador Sub-district). What You Can Learn From Canadian Census Records National Canadian Census, 1871-1911The 1871 and later Canadian census records list the following information for each individual in the household: name, age, occupation, religious affiliation, an birthplace (province or country). The 1871 and 1881 Canadian censuses also list the fathers origin or ethnic background. The 1891 Canadian census asked for the parents birthplaces, as well as identification of French Canadians. It is also important as the first national Canadian census to identify the relationship of individuals to the head of household. The 1901 Canadian census is also a hallmark for genealogy research as it asked for the complete birth date (not just the year), as well as the year the person immigrated to Canada, the year of naturalization, and the fathers racial or tribal origin. Canada Census Dates The actual census date varied from census to census, but is important in helping to determine an individuals probable age. The dates of the censuses are as follows: 1871 - 2 April1881 - 4 April1891 - 6 April1901 - 31 March1911 - 1 June1921 - 1 June Where to Find the Canadian Census Online Ancestry.com FamilySearch Historical RecordsAutomated Genealogy Library and Archives of Canada

National Security and Science and Technology policy Essay

National Security and Science and Technology policy - Essay Example This exceedingly complex mission requires a focused effort from our entire society if we are to be successful. To this end, one primary reason for the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security was to provide the unifying core for the vast national network of organizations and institutions involved in efforts to secure our nation." (http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/theme_home5.jsp, para 2) United States history tells that war prompted the creation of most U.S. government science agencies. The integration of an applied Research and Development programs were essential elements in addressing and supporting the agencies' missions. Elements of fundamental science allows breakthrough of these unlimited opportunities. (http://www.issues.org/18.2/ bonvillian.html, para 18) Thus, R&D, as an integral part in the science and technology policy, has become a major factor in attaining the US national security. The role of science and technology in the nation's security was launched when Thomas Jefferson was commissioned to Lewis and Clark two centuries. Since then, territorial expansion and the industrial revolution continued to drive U.S. science and technology policy throughout the 19th century. The country's unforgettable experiences in the two World Wars and their aftermaths were the primary factors that influenced the government's realization of science and technology in the 20th century which soon became the turning point that lead to the revolution of science and technology and the importance of its research and development programs. (Marburger, 2005) The birth of the National Science Foundation in 1950 was the result of the country's attitudes towards the government's role in science and technology. Larger and more advanced Department of Energy laboratories were existed and established under the Atomic Energy Commission. Military services were at the same time provided with an official research office in 1951. At that time National Institute for Health (NIH) had existed for twenty years, wherein National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) were established eight years later. Some reorganizations occurred after 1960, notably the metamorphosis of the AEC into the Department of Energy and more recently the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, but since 1960 the federal framework has evolved very little. (Marburger, 2005) Presidential science advisors were appointed by the government to take the responsibility in overseeing adherence to a presidential policy that insists on competent, objective, balanced, and open advice. Their roles moreover involves in creating strategies on implementation and enforcement of these policies. (Branscomb, 2005) Some of the most significant roles of science advisors in the US federal government involved national security. During the war they linked the President and top

Leadership and Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leadership and Performance Management - Essay Example In addition to that, recession also added to their demise. Heavy operating costs allowed other competitors with lower costs to capture North American market which was GM’s territory earlier. While assessing some of the decisions taken by GM’s leadership, it was found that closure of GM’s hybrid cars unit along with layoffs and prior faulty acquisitions added to GM’s expense list which had no means to be satisfied. 1.1 Key Findings GM has faced problems due to its highly bureaucratic culture and sluggish approach towards development and innovation. Its slow performance in the recent years has its roots in its earlier catastrophic decisions that were taken in 1970s and 80s but had a long-term impact on the organizational performance which ultimately leads to a government bailout in 2009. GM has made several bad investments in the vehicle models that were not answering consumer’s requirements and also were competitive to each other which further result ed in slow growth of the company. GM had various brands at its portfolio which required major expenses in terms of research and development for proper brand management. Failure to keep up with consumers’ demands ultimately lead to slow sales of these brands which affected cash inflow in turn (Maynard, 2009). Instead of ensuring that consumers’ demands for compact and energy-efficient cars is met, GM under the leadership of Wagoner, shut down EV1 electric cars program. With lower vehicle sales, the operating expenses and manufacturing costs increased greatly as a result of which GM was forced to increase its prices. The burden was passed onto the consumer which act as a deterrent for GM’s sales. As a result of this program’s shutdown, billions were lost in terms of research and development. Furthermore, there was a major recall from the roads which made GM compensate the lessees for the losses incurred. The already manufactured models were crushed which no t only failed to recover original manufacturing costs but also added to it due to extra expenses incurred in terms of amortization. Failure to capture the niche market on timely basis allowed Japanese cars to capture a major North market share which was the territory of GM earlier (Hartung, 2009). Shutting down hybrid cars program had a major impact on GM’s profitability. But most importantly, it affected the brand image greatly. It strengthen GM’s persona of being a giant and slow enterprise incapable of understanding consumer’s requirement and respond to it accordingly. Due to global recession and GM’s series of bad decisions especially poor brand management, faulty investments and shut down of hybrid cars, GM filed a loss of over $ 30 million dollars. These losses include major amounts in terms of lowered share prices and also exceptional operational expenses. After filing these losses, GM filed for bankruptcy and was later bailed out by US government. 1.2 Evidences One of the major evidences that indicated GM’s catastrophic decision making failures was GM’s financial statements and other reports published on the subject matter. According to Hargreaves (2008), â€Å"General Motors reported a huge second-quarter net loss Friday of $15.5 billion, after restructuring and other charges, as the automaker's run of troubles continued. The automaker lost $27.33 per share in the quarter, compared to a

Concept of Risk in Construction Industry

Concept of Risk in Construction Industry 3.1 General risks The meaning of risk changes when time goes on and the meanings differ when they are at the specific socio-cultural and historical contexts which we are located in. (Deborah Lupton, 1999) Risk is exposure to the possibility of economic or financial loss or gain, physical damage or injury, or delay, as a consequence of the uncertainty associated with pursuing a particular course of action (Cooper, Chapman, 1987). According to Cornelius Keating, risk is not the present problem which should be immediately addressed, but it is considered as future issues that can be avoided or mitigated. Risk is considered as a situation which may lead to negative consequences. Generally, six major categories of risk can be identified as the most important concerns for the majority. They are: Environmental risks, including pollution, radiation, chemicals, floods, fires, dangerous road conditions and so on; Lifestyle risks, which related to the consumption of such commodities as food and drugs, engagement in sexual activities, driving practices, stress, leisure and so on; Medical risks, which related to experiencing medical care or treatment. Such as drug therapy, surgery, childbirth, reproductive technologies and diagnostic tests; Interpersonal risks, related to intimate relationships, social interactions, love sexuality, gender roles, friendship, marriage and parenting; Economic risks implicated in unemployment or under-employment, borrowing money, investment bankruptcy, destruction of property, failure of a business and so on; and Criminal risks are those risks emerging from being a participant in or potential victim of illegal activities.(Deborah Lupton, 1999) 3.2 Risks in Construction Industry 3.2.1 The Concept of Risk in Construction Industry The construction industry experienced a wide variety of risks which may occur in financing, designing, constructing and managing facilities of a project. There are different definitions of risk in construction industry. In order to understand the process of risk management, it is important to understand the basic concept of risk in all aspects. The international standard à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Project risk management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Application guidelinesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? holds the theory of probability and consequence and defines risk as a combination of probability of an event which is occurring and its consequences to project objectives (IEC 2001). Ward and Chapman (2003) have made a broader definition of risk and suggest using a more general concept of uncertainty. They argue that risk is considered as threats but not opportunities and when it occurs it affects the project performance. Edwards (1995) points out that risks have a negative impact on the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost, qual ity or time in most situations. These definitions have a common feature: they define risk in terms of uncertain events and may have positive or negative impact on a projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objectives. According to An (2010), risk interpretations can be considered as the following: The same as the word hazard The consequence of an unwelcome outcome or failure Chances of achieving a given outcome Signifies danger Taking a chance in an activity An (2010) argues the term risk can be defined in the two components: the probability of occurrence of the risk and the magnitude of the consequences if the risk happened. And the relationship is written in the formula: Risk = consequences x probability. The general trend of risks is shown in the figure 3.1 below. When the probability of occurrence is high, the consequences of risks seem to be low and vice versa. Risks with major or severity consequences rarely happen, but risks which are or have low consequences tend to happen frequently. Figure 3.1: Consequences versus probability trend (An, 2010) As mentioned above, the equation seems to be simple, however, the most important thing is to understand and calculate the probability of occurrence and the severity of consequences and express those using numbers. 3.2.2 Risk Classification Project risks can be categorized in a number of ways by considering the level of detail or a selected viewpoint. (Anna Klemetti, 2006) Categorizing risks will do help in identifying risks. According to the study of National Economic Development Office, construction risks can be broadly grouped in the following categories: Technical Risks include poor design, inadequate site investigation, and uncertainty over the source and availability of materials and appropriateness of specifications. Logistical Risks include availability of resources such as construction equipments, spare parts, fuel and labour and availability of sufficient transportation facilities. Construction Risks include uncertain productivity of resources, weather or seasonal implications and industrial relations problems. Financial Risks include inflation, availability and fluctuation of foreign exchange, delay in payment, repatriation of funds and local taxes. Political Risks include constraints on the availability and employment of expatriate staff, customs and import restrictions and procedures, difficulties in disposing of plant and equipment and insistence on using of local firms and agents. Both Smith (2006) and An (2010) argue that all project risks can be divided into three main categories: known risks, known unknowns and unknown unknowns. The difference between the categories is the decreasing ability to predict or foresee the risks. Table 3.1 presents a brief explanation about these three categories of risks. Table 3.1 Categories of risks (An, 2010) Known risks Including minor variations in productivity and swings in material costs. These occur frequently and are an inevitable feature of all construction projects. Known unknowns Including the risk events whose occurrence is predictable. Either their probability of occurrence or their likely effect is known. Unknown unknowns Those events whose probability of occurrence or their likely effect is unknown. Risk resources can also be divided into four elements: trivial, expected, hazard and risk management. Events with a low impact are not serious and can be divided into the elements of trivial and expected. For the high impact and low probability, these events are hazards which might occur but are too remote to be considered. (An, 2010)Taking into consideration of the probability of the occurrence and the consequence for project objectives, those events that have high probability and high impact are subjected to risk management. Figure 3.2 shows the classification of risk resources. Figure 3.2 Classification of risk sources (Smith, 2006) The causes of risk are various and depending on the size, complexity, novelty, location of the project as well as on the speed of construction and political or commercial plan. Long-term projects are thought to be more risky because the possibility of something going wrong is bigger to appear and the need for immediate plans of action that allow change is fundamental. The sources of risk are presented in Table 3.2. Table 3.2: Sources of risk (Thompson, Perry, 1992) Source Example Client, Government, regulatory agencies Bureaucratic delays, changes in local regulations Funding, fiscal Changes in government funding policy, liaison between several funders Definition of project Change in project scope Project organisation Authority of project manager, involvement of outside bodies Design Adequacy to meet need, realism of design programme Local conditions Local customs, weather windows Permanent plant supply Degree of novelty, damage or loss during transportation Construction contractors Experience, financial stability Construction materials Excessive wastage, quality, delivery Construction labour Industrial relations, multi-racial labour force Construction plant Resale value, spares availability Logistics Remoteness, access to site Estimating data Relevance to specific project availability Inflation Exchange rates Force majeure It is important to use the table as the first step in risk assessment process in order to identify all the relevant risks of the construction project. By identifying all the construction risks in the early stage of risk assessment process, successful risk management can be achieved. Failing to identify risks in the risk identification stage is a hazard to the risk management process. (Perry and Thompson, 1992) Moreover, risks can be classified based on the ability of the project to control them. A separation of risk as a local, global and extreme is based on the controlling ability of project parties on risks. As a result, this method helps to identify 80% of the risk, the last may not be worthwhile looking for, and a few of these risks could not be reasonably foreseen. (Smith, 2006) Figure 3.3 shows the hierarchy of identified risks. Figure3.3: Hierarchy of identified risks (Smith, 2006) Project parties have to manage the manageable risks by the settled frame and prepare to accept the challenges of the unmanageable risks. The preparation can reduce the losses caused by the unmanageable risks. Besides, some global risks can be reduced for sure. Categorization of risks would definitely help to identify risks. No matter what method is used to identify the risks, it is important that risks should be identified and assessed carefully, which is even more important in the early stages of the project since it will affect the decision making of the project participants. 3.2.3 Importance of Risk Management in the Construction Industry Change is inherent in construction work. When an uncertain event occurs, it will impact some of objectives such as the cost, schedule, and quality of the project. Construction projects often have a poor performance due to a lack of reasonable risk management process. (Liu Renhu, 2005) Many projects fail to meet deadline or cost and quality targets. As a result, risk management becomes an important part of construction management. Risk management intends to identify and manage those potential and unforeseen problems that might probably occur during the project implementation. And also, it tries to identify as many risk event as possible minimize their impact on the project, manage the responses to those events that are probably to materialize, and provide contingence funds to cover risk event that actually materialize. The essential purpose of risk management is to improve project performance via systematic identification, appraisal and management of project related risks. The focus o n reducing threats or adverse outcomes, which we might call downside risk, misses a key part of the overall picture. (Chapman, Ward, 2003) Changes cannot be eliminated, however, by applying risk management in project construction participates are able to improve the construction management. The benefit of risk management can be concluded as follows: Project issues are clarified, understood and considered from start; Decisions are supported by thorough analysis; The definition and structure of the project are continually monitored; Clear understanding of specific risks associated with a project; Build-up of historical data to assist future risk management procedures. (An, 2010) 3.2.4 Project Planning The control of time cannot be affected insulation from resources and costs. Project planning methods should consider the communication with all the parties in a project in order to identify sequences of activates and draw attention to potential problem areas. Careful and continuous planning contributes to successful construction project. Sequences of activities will be defined and linked to a time-scale to ensure that priorities are identified and efficient use of expensive or scare resources. However, since the uncertainty occurs during construction, the plan will always change and it must be updated quickly and regularly in order to maintain the most efficient way of completing the project. In developing a controlling plan, it is vital to distinguish between different categories of change and to fully instigate the formal aspect of the project. (An, 2010) All the parties and resources involved in construction have influences on project plan. However, project plan will change when uncertainty occurs. The purpose of planning is to persuade people to perform tasks before they delay. A framework of decision making in case of change occurs should be included in project planning. (Smith, 2006) 3.3 Risk Management in the Construction Industry 3.3.1 Risk Management strategy Both client and contractor are concerned about the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk allocation. Generally, the client or the project owner has an overall risk management strategy and policy included in the strategic documents and quality management system. Risk management strategy is shown in figure 3.4. Management of project risk Figure 3.4 Risk Management Strategy (Smith, 2006) The most important issues which the project owner concerned in risk strategy are risk ownership and risk financing. Risk ownership is explained as which party owns the risks and risks expose and transfer. Risk financing can be explained as how to include and use budget of risk allowance or contingency. The participants make decisions, which affect the responsibilities of the parties, to define the organization and procedures of a project. (An, 2010) It influences the construction, commissioning, change and risk of a project and this is how it affects the construction processes. (Smith, 2006) 3.3.2 Process of Risk Management 3.3.2.1 Introduction Risk management is one of the most critical project management practices to ensure a project is successfully completed. (Chapman, 1997) The goal of risk management in construction industry can be stated as following: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To be competitive in meeting the clients specifications with solutions that are cost-effective at an acceptable level of riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (An, 2010). To successfully achieve the goals in any projects, the following four aspects need to be met: Competitiveness Specification Cost-effective Risks It is important to consider the four criteria as a whole. There are two major objectives managing risk: one is to avoid the downside risks and the other is to exploit opportunities. Risk management is a process of defining the need for identifying, estimating and evaluating risks in order to control them at an acceptable level. (An, 2010) The risk management system is shown is figure 3.5. Figure 3.5 risk management frame work (An, 2010) Four aspects are involved in risk management, which are hazard identification, risk assessment, risk reduce or risk response and emergency preparedness. These will be introduced in the following paragraphs. 3.3.4.2 Hazard Identification Hazard identification is the first step of the risk management process. It is aimed at determining potential risks which may affect the project. Ideally, all the potential risks and hazards should be identified when the decision is being made so that the participants can deal with before they occur. However, although prevention is better than cure, no risk management system can identify all the risks and hazards in advance. (Martin Loosemore, 2006) In this way, hazard identification needs to be carried out carefully in order to reduce the potential risks in the project. As the first step of risk analysis, hazard identification is the most important one as it helps to identify the potential risks whose effects act as an impediment to the project, and this process will also help with risk mitigation and control. A general definition of hazard is stated as following: A hazard is an undesirable outcome in the process of meeting ant objective, performing a task or engaging in an activity (An, 2010). The undesirable outcome of a hazard could involve: Injury to personnel Damage to property Pollution to the environment and A combination of all the above (An, 2010) Risk identification is one of the most important steps of risk management because it makes the risks clearer. As a result, Chapman (2001) points out that the success of later risk management phases is directly affected by the quality of the identification phase. Risk identification procedure identifies and categorizes risks that could affect the project. This procedure includes discovering, defining, describing, documenting and communicating risks before they become problems and affect a project. (Barati, S.,  Mohammadi, S., 2008) Risk identification is a tool for identifying all the significant sources and causes of risk and hazards in a project. Numbers of methods and techniques are used in identifying the project risks (IEC 2001), including brainstorming, expert opinion, structured interviews, questionnaires, checklists, historical data, previous experience, testing and modelling and evaluating other projects. Perry (1992) points out the most popular methods of hazard identification. They are: Checklists prepared by experienced people that are involved in the project. Brainstorming sessions where groups of people are trying to come up with potential risks through conversation and exchange of ideas. Historical data of previous similar projects that can assist in the portraying of risks. Interviews of key participants of the project or experts involved with it. These techniques are to provide a systematic approach for identifying potential hazards in construction industry. (An, 2010) Empirical studies of risk management practice (Lyons, Skitmoreà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2004) show that the checklists and brainstorming are the most useful techniques in risk identification. And they also point out that risk identification often rely on individual judgments of the project participants. Another method applied for the identifying risk events is the HAZOP study (Hazard and Operability). This is a technique using à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“guide-wordsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in order to study deviation from the design objective of a project and its elements. (An, 2010) A helpful action would be to group the risks and separate them into specific categories after the first stage of risk identification. This would benefit the risk assessment process by applying a suitable technique to each category and furthermore in the selection of a risk management response for each type. (An, 2010) in construction industry three main types of hazards which need to be taken into account are the followings: Management Hazards: Associated with management and organizational issues, such as policy, commitment of funds for training, and the project of specific equipment and schedules to be met. Commercial Hazards: Arise from commercial considerations, and particularly associated with decisions on spending. A typical example is the selection of a less expensive material that just meets the minimum standard required instead of opting for the more expensive item with huge specification and a track record of high quality. Sometimes a contract is accepted as a cost below the desired level, and savings have to be made in order to complete the work. This in turn may lead to potential hazards due to commercial factors. Time Hazards: Many projects need to be completed by an agreed date. Delays due to the factors such as late delivery of materials, unforeseen production difficulties or failure to meet specification would affect the ability to meet deadline. As a consequence of failure to meet the deadline, it could affect future contracts and disrupt the schedules. All these events can be considered as hazards or time hazards. Each project has different associated hazards, which differ from various technology or organizations or anything else applied in the projects. A checklist of construction hazard drivers is shown: Financial Hazards Legal Hazards Political Hazards Social Hazards Environmental Hazards Communications Hazards Geographical Hazards Geotechnical Hazards Construction Hazards Technological Hazards Demand/product Hazards (An, 2010) After hazard identification, the potential hazards can be listed and grouped. Then, risk assessment method can be applied to build the risk level. 3.3.4.3 Risk Assessment Once risks have been identified, they must then be accessed. The sources of risks should be identified first, and then the effects of the risks should be assessed or analyzed. Risks can be assessed either using a quantitative or qualitative analysis. (Thompson, Perry, 1992) Qualitative Methods: The first step of the qualitative analysis is also the first step of risk assessment risk identification, which is described above as the first step of risk management. Then, an assessment of the probability of occurrence and impact of the risks should be taken out. Qualitative risk assessment usually includes the following issues: A brief description of the risk The stage of the project when it may occur The elements of the project that could be affected The factors that influence its occurrence The relationship with other risks The likelihood of its occurrence How it could affect the project (Smith, 2006) Using qualitative methods is the first step of risk assessment. Then, a quantitative assessment is only for the risks whose further information is required. These risks are usually serious and can jeopardise the project. Quantitative Methods: According to Barrow (2007), there are four reasons why risk should be managed: to minimize delays, to reduce cost, to improve return on investment, to increase the number of opportunity. Possible consequences of risk occurring are defined and qualified in terms of: Increased cost such as additional cost above the estimate of the final cost of the project Increased time such as additional time beyond the completion data of the project through delays in construction Reduced quality and performance such as the extent to which the project would fail to meet the user performance based on quality, standards and specification. (Smith, 2006) Several methods can be used in risk assessment and risk metrics method is going to be introduced. Risk metric is a two-dimensional presentation of likelihood and consequences using qualitative for both dimensions, event modelling is a systematic way to identify accident scenarios and quantify risk. (Ayyub, 2005) Estimating the probability and impact of risk in simple scales, such as from 1 to 5 or from high to low, is the most common way, and boundaries can also be numerically defined. Risk can be characterized by probability and consequence, and examples are given in table 3.3 and table 3.4. Probability of Occurrence Scale Descriptor 1 Rare 2 Unlikely 3 Possible 4 Likely 5 Almost Certain Table 3.3 Probability of Occurrence (An, 2010) Rating of consequences Scale Descriptor 1 Insignificant 2 Minor 3 Moderate 4 Major 5 Severe Table 3.4 Rating of consequences (An, 2010) As mentioned in pervious paragraph, Table 3.5 shows that risks can be allocated in three regions. Table 3.5 Risk Matrix (An, 2010) Consequence Probability 1 2 3 4 5 5 Tolerable Tolerable Intolerable Intolerable Intolerable 4 Negligible Tolerable Tolerable Intolerable Intolerable 3 Negligible Tolerable Tolerable Tolerable Intolerable 2 Negligible Negligible Tolerable Tolerable Intolerable 1 Negligible Negligible Negligible Tolerable Tolerable And this can also be replaced by two curves, as its shown in figure 3.6. Figure 3.6 Graphical presentation of risk regions (An, 2010) During risk assessment, identified risks are evaluated and ranked. The goal is to prioritise risks for management. The assessment of the risks leads the hazards to be classified in a region, which would determine the importance (risk level) of each hazard, and the possible regions are the intolerable, tolerable or the negligible region. Figure 3.7 shows the risks listed in the appropriate regions. Figure 3.7 Output of risk assessment element (An, 2010) The risks are allocated in three regions, after that, the risks should be selected the risk response to them. 3.3.4.4 Risk Response Once the risks are identified and assessed, the next step of the risk management procedure is to response to these risks. The nature of the response depends on the decisions made by the management team. In order to respond correctly, the team has to process the information available for the risk. There are two types of responses to risks: immediate response and contingency response. The immediate response mitigates or eliminates the risks through alterations of the project plan. The nature of contingency response is preparing a plan for an alternative course of action and implementing it when the risk arises. (An, 2010) There are four basic ways of responding to risk and they are risk retention, risk transfer, risk reduction and risk avoidance. In order to effectively manage a risk, it is necessary to adopt a combination of strategies to treat it. The selection process can be iterative until the most effective treatment strategy is developed. (Smith, 2006) Avoidance: Risk avoidance deals with the risks by eliminating the risks through changing the project plan or certain features. Another way of risk avoidance or reduction is re-design or changing the method of construction. (Perry, Hayes, 1985) However, there are only a few situations this response can be used. Reduce: Risk reduction aims at reducing the probability and consequences of a risk event. The measures should be taken with consideration of the value for money. Reducing the level of risks could raise the cost. Only when the value of the reduced risk is beyond the cost it caused, this method can be taken. Risks can be reduced by: Obtaining additional information Performing additional tests/simulations Allocating additional resources Improving communication and managing organisational interfaces(An, 2010) After risk assessment, hazards are allocated in the intolerable, tolerable and negligible regions. There are some guidelines for risk reducing. Hazard in the intolerable region: risks in this level should be eliminated or cost-effective cannot be achieved. As a result, the project should be considered for abandoning. Hazard in the tolerable region: to reduce risks in this region, two aspects should be considered. One is whether the risk is close to the intolerable region, the other one is whether it is a cost-effective reduction process. It is better to reduce the risk no matter how expensive it might cost in dealing with the first situation. For the second consideration, it is better to reduce the risk and checking carefully of its allocation. Hazard in the negligible region: it is recommended that these hazards should be left alone, since they are not worth to reduce. (An, 2010) Transfer: Risk transfer is to transfer risks from one party to another. This would happen between parties in a project or between one party in the project and one outside. (An, 2010) Some contractual obligation can also be used as risk transfer method, because no one is willing to accept a risk without any form of compensation. Generally, it is better to transfer the risks to the parties who can best control them. Acceptance or Retention: If the other methods fail to adequately or fully treat the risk, the project has to be prepared to accept the risk or any residual risk remaining after some initial treatment. The party which is holding a risk may be the only one that can manage the risk or accept the consequences. If the risk is under control of this party, the likelihood of happening or minimise the impact of the risk could be reduced. It is possible for a risk to have a number of potential treatment equally suitable but varying in cost. The selection of a final treatment must be made as cost-effective. The cost of managing the risk should be commensurate with the benefits obtained. The risk response process is directed at identifying a way of dealing with the identified and assessed project risks. Risk reduction is the most frequently used technique within the construction industry. Managing the risks of a project is a rather difficult task. Choosing any form of treatment may itself expose the project to additional risks. In this way, attention should be paid to ensure that the treatment strategy does not expose the project to greater risk than what the original risk was designed to treat. 3.3.4.5 Emergency Preparedness Even when the pervious risk management processes have been well applied, accidents happen occasionally. The goal of emergency preparedness can be concluded as the following: To be prepared to take the most appropriate action in the event that hazard becomes a reality so as to minimise its effects and, if necessary, to transfer personal from a location with a higher level to one with a lower risk level. (An, 2010) Regarding the management of risk, an emergency preparedness is the preparation of contingency plans and courses of action in case the risk arises during construction. The emergency preparedness could also be an alternative course of action prepared as a contingency plan. 3.4 Conclusion Risk management intends to identify and manage those potential and unforeseen problems that might probably occur during the project implementation. And it could identify as many risk event as possible, minimize their impact to the project, manage the responses to those events that are probably to materialize, and provide contingence funds to cover risk event that actually materialize. Precaution is better than cure. The same principle can be applied to risk management which should be a proactive approach rather than a reactive one. Risk management is a preventive process to ensure that negative impacts are reduced and that harmful consequences associated with undesirable events are minimized. Generally, the risk management process should include: risk identification, risk assessments, risk response and emergency preparedness. Once risk has been identified, they must then be accessed on their potential severity of loss and the probability of occurrence. Then through the following stag es such as risk avoidance, reduction, retention or risk transfer, the risks can be dealt with and its impact can be decreased to a certain extent.